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Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google

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joins us now for a

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conversation about Google, about technology, about the future,

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and about education.

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I'm pleased to have him here on this stage as we celebrate

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learning and teaching. Welcome.

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Thank you, Charlie, thanks for

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having me on again.

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All right.

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We were just with each other last Friday on the Google

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campus, having a conversation about some of the things we'll

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talk about, but not all.

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Let's just go back and do a quick history of Google.

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1995, Sergey and Larry start it, and they create this search

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engine working at Stanford.

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How did they get you involved in 2001?

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Well, Larry and Sergey invented the algorithms,

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the lessons, if you will, the way our search works today when

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they were very young and in graduate school.

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And they founded Google and eventually needed some

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additional management help.

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And there was a search, and ultimately I got connected to

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them through one of our board members, John Doerr.

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From my perspective, most of what you see at Google today was

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invented at Stanford by graduate students.

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And a lot of the culture, the way we operate is really derived

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from that culture.

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Your background, though, was as a technologist.

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That's correct.

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You have been head of technology for Sun

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Microsystems, you have been a CEO.

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Yeah, and I see myself mostly as a technologist

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who happens to run a business.

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What was the original mission for Google?

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All the world's information, universally

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accessible and useful.

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And how we are doing on that?

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Well, we've just started.

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And I would tell you that when you are 23 years old and you

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state that's your mission, you've got a lot of years ahead

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of you.

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And Larry and Sergey still have a long way to go in that.

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This is what I always wanted to wonder, I'm

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told this is true.

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That in the beginning, what you were going to do was sell to

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people the search technology.

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We'll sell this to you and then you can do search.

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The first model was just this is an amazing new

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invention, this ability to search information.

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And at the time, the Web wa not so complicated.

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It wasn't as obvious that search would be needed because it

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wasn't that big.

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You could sort of look and find things and you knew people.

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So Larry and Sergey went around to all of the then powerful

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Internet companies, and every one of them turned them down.

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Saying what?

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We have a better solution.

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We don't know how to work with you.

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You're too young.

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That sort of thing.

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Entrepreneurs have gone through this.

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There is not a entrepreneur alive who hasn't gone to

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somebody who say, good luck, not for me.

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There's a rule .

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Including bankers.

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There's a rule in Silicon Valley that the great

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entrepreneurs break out early.

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And I think you see that.

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And I think part of the reason that occurs is because of the

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educational system in America with graduate students and young

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faculty, is very, very productive.

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So you get people right out of college, you get them into a

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graduate program, and they invent something, and they --

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all the world's in front of them and they go for it.

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It is one of the greatest aspects of America.

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What smart person decided that

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rather than selling

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the technology, we'll just sell advertising?

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Well, the initial attempts didn't work.

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Because they heard no, no, and no.

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Meanwhile, the money is kind of running out and they're getting

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kind of nervous.

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So they came up with a simple advertising model, which one of

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the engineers invented, that worked pretty well.

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And the small team at the time managed to get

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a couple of deals.

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When I showed up, that product was fixed in price.

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And Google had invented a dynamic system that ultimately

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became a product called AdWords.

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And I remember walking to the very young program manager,

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whose name is Salar (ph), who looked to me to be about 21

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years old.

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I just joined, and I said promise me our revenues are not

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going to go down by a factor of 10 when your brilliant new

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product comes out.

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He said it is going to go up by a factor of 10.

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And I said no, you know, and indeed he was right.

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And advertising is now what, 90

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percent of the revenue?

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98 percent.

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98 percent?

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Yeah.

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But who's counting.

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Advertising has been very, very good to Google.

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We are an advertising company.

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And you can think of Google as two parts of the company.

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You can think of it as a user phenomena, and our primary

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focus, by the way, is on end-users and

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solving their needs.

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And you can also think of it as a business, in which case it's

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an advertising business.

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And today Google is in many -- does many things.

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I mean, searches is its primary thing.

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But you created e-mail, Google News.

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We started off with search.

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And the early founding team, Larry and Sergey and the initial

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team invented the advertising model which has done so well

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for us.

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On April 1st of 2004, we introduced our first

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application, which was called Gmail.

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And at the time, people thought it was an April Fool's joke.

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We sort of played with that, but it was part of our character.

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And today we say our strategy is search, ads and apps.

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And the application ..

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Search .

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Ads and apps.

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And applications, they make your life better.

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And we have the ability now, because we have so many people

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using Google, to really change the way they use computers in a

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way this material.

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The term of art is now called cloud computing.

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And the idea is to let the computer take

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care of all the details.

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All you do is just use it.

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It's always there.

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Google or someone else keeps the information.

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We don't lose it.

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We don't break it, it doesn't get viruses, that sort of thing.

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Applications.

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You have this thing at Google where you can take a day off of

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each week or 20 percent of your time, let's say, out of 100

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percent, five days, one day, and you can work on anything you

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want to.

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How much of that has led to interesting, productive,

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profitable applications?

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We think the 20 percent time is really the only

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way we've been able to maintain our innovation as

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we've gotten larger.

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What normally happens with technology companies is the

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initial founding team gets older.

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You bring in traditional management.

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And although it becomes a better managed company, much of

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the creativity and the flare and the joie de vivre gets lost in

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the process.

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By establishing the principle that engineers could spend 20

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percent of their time working on whatever they found

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interesting, we created a culture where there is this

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constant flow of innovation.

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Literally, every day there is another fun surprise.

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Now, before we get too excited about the 20 percent time, these

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are engineers.

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They don't -- they don't vary that far from

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their area of interest.

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But it gives them an opportunity…

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They're not finding a cure for cancer,

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they're looking at…

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If by the way, if they did, we would be very

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excited about it.

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But what they are really doing is they're saying, in my space I

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see all of these new technologies.

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And there's a new problem that I see that I want to apply this

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stuff to.

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And that is how the innovation works.

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You also bought YouTube.

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You have Google News.

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We are in a time now, and we will talk a lot about the

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economy in this conversation because of some of

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the roles you have.

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Acquisitions come up.

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People are excited these days, the last several

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months about Twitter.

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Does Google want to buy Twitter?

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I shouldn't talk about specific acquisitions.

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We're unlikely to buy anything in the short term, partly

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because I think prices are still high.

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And it is unfortunate, I think we are in the

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middle of a cycle.

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Google is generating a lot of cash.

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And so, we keep that cash in extremely secure banks…

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Right.

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I should add, and we'll wait that out.

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From our perspective, I think the YouTube acquisition and the

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Doubleclick acquisition, which were the two large ones we did

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last year and the year before have been

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phenomenally successful.

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YouTube has been fueled by user generated.

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People did with their cameras.

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How much of a phenomenon is that going to be in the future of

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the Internet?

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We think it will be one of the most defining

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aspects of the Internet.

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Because if you think about it, everybody has phones.

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And every phone has a still camera, and every one of those

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phones is going to have a movie camera pretty soon.

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And indeed, if you think about it, a lot of the news that you

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see, you will see some phone camera video of low quality.

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Well, five years from now, those will be very

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high quality videos

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as the technology gets better.

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And the joke is that the vast majority of photographs now

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taken are kept in people's phones because they can't get

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them out of them.

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Yes.

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So…

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They can take a picture, but they don't know

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what to do with it.

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So we are working to solve all that problem.

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The important thing here is that the phenomenon of

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user-generated content, of which YouTube is an example, is

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I think the defining expression of humanity over the next 10 to

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20 years.

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We had no idea that all these things were going on because

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there was no way to see them.

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And now if you have someone who's being taken advantage of

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or abused or put in an inappropriate position or what

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have you, they can take a picture.

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They can record what the police are doing in a dictatorship.

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There is a lot of implications.

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Speak to that.

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The most interesting thing to me is that

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transparency, transparency is how you keep societies honest.

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And we've now, because of th Internet and because of the

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digital revolution, given people -- we have essentially given

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them the ability to see everything.

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So you can now take photographs, take videos of

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everything you see in your world, and people discover it.

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And there are whole communities of people who are interested in

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these kinds of aspects, and they serve as a form of check and

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balance on the powerful, the rich, the people who might

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exploit others.

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It doesn't necessarily mean for a different outcome, but it

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means that everybody can't hide.

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They have to actually tell the truth.

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To me, that's a great step forward.

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And how would it affect politics?

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Well, there are many ways.

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Today, if you talk to politicians, a simple story is

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that in 2006 -- the House went Democratic, the Senate went

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Democratic because of a race in Virginia which involved an

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unfortunate video on YouTube of a Republican candidate losing to

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a Democratic candidate.

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And on the Democratic side, there was another example --

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there was a video of one of the congressional people involved in

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the Abscam scandal, which many people have forgotten.

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And yet the video brought back those memories and affected the

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outcome of a Democratic race.

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And it is an equal opportunity technology.

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The important point here -- the important point here is that

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politicians today are well aware of YouTube and

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its phenomena and

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are more careful.

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00:10:24.834 --> 00:10:27.701
And being more careful is probably good.

263
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Because if indeed, if they are going off and saying things to

264
00:10:30.367 --> 00:10:33.267
small audiences and then going to another audience and saying

265
00:10:33.267 --> 00:10:36.067
something very different, I want to know that as a viewer.

266
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There are many things as you can imagine in the future.

267
00:10:38.701 --> 00:10:41.167
The one I like the most is the politicians BS detector, where

268
00:10:41.167 --> 00:10:43.267
basically, you know, Google is sitting there and the politician

269
00:10:43.267 --> 00:10:45.334
says something and you can type it in or you can maybe listen

270
00:10:45.334 --> 00:10:47.167
to them and say, well, that's true or false.

271
00:10:47.167 --> 00:10:48.834
Yes.

272
00:10:48.834 --> 00:10:50.534
I mean, you can decide if you want

273
00:10:50.534 --> 00:10:52.234
to leave or cheer.

274
00:10:52.234 --> 00:10:53.934
Well, it also has this

275
00:10:53.934 --> 00:10:55.634
ramification, too, because

276
00:10:55.634 --> 00:10:58.067
people on the Internet now who may have information, if they

277
00:10:58.067 --> 00:11:00.634
know something is going on and an investigation by a

278
00:11:00.634 --> 00:11:03.300
journalistic organization, it can hold them accountable too,

279
00:11:03.300 --> 00:11:06.367
because somebody may have information that some facts

280
00:11:06.367 --> 00:11:09.400
used in the journalist's report were not true because they have

281
00:11:09.400 --> 00:11:11.934
better information or they have information that contradicts.

282
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What happens as a result is it's very difficult

283
00:11:14.801 --> 00:11:17.501
now to use completely false statements to

284
00:11:17.501 --> 00:11:20.033
inflame the public.

285
00:11:20.033 --> 00:11:22.901
You can take the facts and you can twist them in a way that you

286
00:11:22.901 --> 00:11:25.901
see fit, but your facts have to be right.

287
00:11:25.901 --> 00:11:28.767
And that's probably a big improvement in governance.

288
00:11:28.767 --> 00:11:32.167
Mobile devices will play what role in the

289
00:11:32.167 --> 00:11:35.501
future sort of evolution of technology?

290
00:11:35.501 --> 00:11:39.000
They're probably the most important of all.

291
00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:42.234
Today, everyone here in the audience has a mobile phone.

292
00:11:42.234 --> 00:11:45.200
It's the last thing you would leave anywhere.

293
00:11:45.200 --> 00:11:47.801
That phone has a GPS, knows where it is.

294
00:11:47.801 --> 00:11:50.567
The powerful mobile phones have powerful browsers.

295
00:11:50.567 --> 00:11:53.501
They have cameras, as we discussed before.

296
00:11:53.501 --> 00:11:56.767
You can do a lot with them.

297
00:11:56.767 --> 00:11:59.567
Fast forward a few years from now, with a content and the

298
00:11:59.567 --> 00:12:02.400
capability of that, with a new generation of applications.

299
00:12:02.400 --> 00:12:05.100
We expect eventually that th majority of uses of the Internet

300
00:12:05.100 --> 00:12:07.400
will be on mobile phones.

301
00:12:07.400 --> 00:12:10.467
Mobile phone usage is growing faster than personal computers.

302
00:12:10.467 --> 00:12:13.267
There are many more of them, on the order of 4

303
00:12:13.267 --> 00:12:16.000
billion in the world.

304
00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:18.534
In our lifetime, the majority of people, at least 5 billion,

305
00:12:18.534 --> 00:12:21.067
maybe 5.5 billion will have mobile phones.

306
00:12:21.067 --> 00:12:23.467
The exponential growth in countries like China

307
00:12:23.467 --> 00:12:25.767
and India and emerging markets as they are called, even though

308
00:12:25.767 --> 00:12:28.000
they have pretty much emerged rather well, is extraordinary.

309
00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:30.167
In our lifetimes…

310
00:12:30.167 --> 00:12:32.033
(INAUDIBLE) per month.

311
00:12:32.033 --> 00:12:33.934
In our lifetimes, we're going from almost no one

312
00:12:33.934 --> 00:12:35.868
being able to communicate to almost everyone

313
00:12:35.868 --> 00:12:37.801
being able to communicate.

314
00:12:37.801 --> 00:12:39.801
We're also going from almost no one having any kind of

315
00:12:39.801 --> 00:12:41.868
information and access to libraries to virtually everyone

316
00:12:41.868 --> 00:12:43.667
having access to every piece of information in the world.

317
00:12:43.667 --> 00:12:46.033
That is an enormous accomplishment for humanity.

318
00:12:46.033 --> 00:12:48.934
It brings me to some of the issues that might be

319
00:12:48.934 --> 00:12:51.934
relevant here.

320
00:12:51.934 --> 00:12:54.467
Number one, in terms of copyright and all of that, you

321
00:12:54.467 --> 00:12:56.601
guys would like to have every author of every book ever

322
00:12:56.601 --> 00:12:58.701
published make it available through Google.

323
00:12:58.701 --> 00:13:00.934
Fair enough?

324
00:13:00.934 --> 00:13:03.601
That's right.

325
00:13:03.601 --> 00:13:06.334
And furthermore, we want them compensated.

326
00:13:06.334 --> 00:13:09.234
And we've entered into an agreement that we hope will be

327
00:13:09.234 --> 00:13:12.167
approved by a court, of book publishers and authors where

328
00:13:12.167 --> 00:13:15.067
essentially rights holders will register and they will get

329
00:13:15.067 --> 00:13:18.133
essentially a commission and a payment for the use of their

330
00:13:18.133 --> 00:13:21.200
work if it's printed on an electronic basis.

331
00:13:21.200 --> 00:13:24.100
We hope that in this model, people will be comfortable that

332
00:13:24.100 --> 00:13:26.767
people find the book, they will buy it online, either in text

333
00:13:26.767 --> 00:13:29.267
form, or they'll go to Amazon or something like that and

334
00:13:29.267 --> 00:13:31.667
purchase the book, in which case the author will also be happy.

335
00:13:31.667 --> 00:13:33.968
Or they will put it on their Kindle or…

336
00:13:33.968 --> 00:13:36.167
Kindle or what have you.

337
00:13:36.167 --> 00:13:38.734
… (INAUDIBLE) reader or something

338
00:13:38.734 --> 00:13:41.133
It's worth noting, by the way, that if you

339
00:13:41.133 --> 00:13:43.467
imagine the power of these mobile devices, over a five or

340
00:13:43.467 --> 00:13:45.667
10-year period, they should be possible to do almost everything

341
00:13:45.667 --> 00:13:47.534
that we do today with other means.

342
00:13:47.534 --> 00:13:49.901
It should be possible to read books very

343
00:13:49.901 --> 00:13:52.467
well on those devices.

344
00:13:52.467 --> 00:13:54.567
Make it as fast as reading a magazine.

345
00:13:54.567 --> 00:13:56.667
It should be possible to watch television and watch your show

346
00:13:56.667 --> 00:13:58.734
routinely on -- routinely on these devices

347
00:13:58.734 --> 00:14:00.801
in very high quality.

348
00:14:00.801 --> 00:14:03.234
The technology is just getting there.

349
00:14:03.234 --> 00:14:05.634
And when that occurs, it's a different experience.

350
00:14:05.634 --> 00:14:07.767
Because it's a personal experience.

351
00:14:07.767 --> 00:14:09.734
When I turn on the television, it shows the same shows that I

352
00:14:09.734 --> 00:14:11.434
saw yesterday, and I watch them and it doesn't know that I

353
00:14:11.434 --> 00:14:13.200
watched them yesterday.

354
00:14:13.200 --> 00:14:15.033
What a foolish television.

355
00:14:15.033 --> 00:14:17.000
Why is it not smarter?

356
00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:18.934
What are you going to do about that?

357
00:14:18.934 --> 00:14:21.067
Well, in our case, we're building the

358
00:14:21.067 --> 00:14:23.300
platform that will allow the content people to do more

359
00:14:23.300 --> 00:14:25.300
targeted content.

360
00:14:25.300 --> 00:14:27.400
So you can imagine the mobile device will say, well, Eric, you

361
00:14:27.400 --> 00:14:29.234
know, you watched this episode of this television show.

362
00:14:29.234 --> 00:14:31.133
We'll offer you this other one.

363
00:14:31.133 --> 00:14:32.934
Well, didn't you forget that you already watched that episode

364
00:14:32.934 --> 00:14:35.234
of CHARLIE ROSE?

365
00:14:35.234 --> 00:14:37.567
You should watch this other one because it is related to the one

366
00:14:37.567 --> 00:14:39.868
you liked.

367
00:14:39.868 --> 00:14:41.868
This personal viewing experience is a fundamental thing that the

368
00:14:41.868 --> 00:14:43.601
Internet can do and that companies like Google can do.

369
00:14:43.601 --> 00:14:45.400
But that is also key to the advertising too,

370
00:14:45.400 --> 00:14:47.000
isn't it?

371
00:14:47.000 --> 00:14:48.434
Of course.

372
00:14:48.434 --> 00:14:50.033
In other words, that is why you

373
00:14:50.033 --> 00:14:51.734
guys are so rich.

374
00:14:51.734 --> 00:14:53.501
Of course.

375
00:14:53.501 --> 00:14:55.067
… is that when people, whatever you were

376
00:14:55.067 --> 00:14:56.501
searching for, gave a link to what you are interested in, and

377
00:14:56.501 --> 00:14:58.067
you could therefore pinpoint products that

378
00:14:58.067 --> 00:14:59.767
might appeal to you.

379
00:14:59.767 --> 00:15:01.267
That's right.

380
00:15:01.267 --> 00:15:02.667
How much of it is text rather than video?

381
00:15:02.667 --> 00:15:04.200
Well, today it's -- the vast

382
00:15:04.200 --> 00:15:05.868
majority of it is text.

383
00:15:05.868 --> 00:15:07.367
Ninety percent?

384
00:15:07.367 --> 00:15:08.968
Ninety-five percent.

385
00:15:08.968 --> 00:15:10.434
These text ads that you see in your search results…

386
00:15:10.434 --> 00:15:11.801
Right.

387
00:15:11.801 --> 00:15:13.300
… are very, very lucrative.

388
00:15:13.300 --> 00:15:14.701
It's a great business to be in.

389
00:15:14.701 --> 00:15:15.968
Yes.

390
00:15:15.968 --> 00:15:17.467
And that's probably -- you'd probably say

391
00:15:17.467 --> 00:15:19.067
that is an understatement.

392
00:15:19.067 --> 00:15:20.501
Yes, I do.

393
00:15:20.501 --> 00:15:22.100
But the same model works for other things.

394
00:15:22.100 --> 00:15:23.767
So we're busy building, for example, in the display ads…

395
00:15:23.767 --> 00:15:25.300
Yes.

396
00:15:25.300 --> 00:15:26.667
… which are the picture, so forth, we're

397
00:15:26.667 --> 00:15:28.267
building much more sophisticated and powerful ads

398
00:15:28.267 --> 00:15:29.934
that are immersive.

399
00:15:29.934 --> 00:15:31.467
It's all about narrative.

400
00:15:31.467 --> 00:15:33.167
When I look at your show and I look at what you do, I see -- I

401
00:15:33.167 --> 00:15:35.067
see a narrative that is evolved.

402
00:15:35.067 --> 00:15:37.067
Exactly.

403
00:15:37.067 --> 00:15:39.100
I'm conscious of that every moment.

404
00:15:39.100 --> 00:15:41.400
Sir Martin Sorrell, as many of you know, head of WPP, sort of

405
00:15:41.400 --> 00:15:43.868
created through acquisition, made it I think the second

406
00:15:43.868 --> 00:15:46.200
largest maybe advertising company in the world.

407
00:15:46.200 --> 00:15:49.067
He has a term for you guys called, I think it's a

408
00:15:49.067 --> 00:15:51.901
combination of friend or enemy -- frenemy -- frenemy -- which

409
00:15:51.901 --> 00:15:54.467
-- he says, are these guys our friends or are they our enemy?

410
00:15:54.467 --> 00:15:57.133
Well, when I talk to Martin, he is our friend.

411
00:15:57.133 --> 00:15:59.567
And we actually have a very close partnership with WPP,

412
00:15:59.567 --> 00:16:02.167
which has worked really well.

413
00:16:02.167 --> 00:16:04.434
The advertising industry and the agencies are learning how to

414
00:16:04.434 --> 00:16:06.534
work with these new models.

415
00:16:06.534 --> 00:16:08.567
There is a great need for creativity, because part of

416
00:16:08.567 --> 00:16:10.901
advertising is about stories.

417
00:16:10.901 --> 00:16:13.067
Advertising is about images.

418
00:16:13.067 --> 00:16:15.534
The narrative and the tools are coming.

419
00:16:15.534 --> 00:16:17.601
So over the next few years, you'll see very sophisticated

420
00:16:17.601 --> 00:16:19.434
visual advertisements.

421
00:16:19.434 --> 00:16:21.300
Think of them as YouTube videos in one form or

422
00:16:21.300 --> 00:16:22.934
another that are immersive.

423
00:16:22.934 --> 00:16:24.667
Yes.

424
00:16:24.667 --> 00:16:26.501
That get you excited

425
00:16:26.501 --> 00:16:28.100
about buying the product.

426
00:16:28.100 --> 00:16:29.801
And maybe at the end, you will be so compelled you will buy the

427
00:16:29.801 --> 00:16:31.567
product and we can sell those products and

428
00:16:31.567 --> 00:16:33.400
make a lot of money.

429
00:16:33.400 --> 00:16:35.567
Here is the question that everybody asks in

430
00:16:35.567 --> 00:16:37.434
technology, but not anybody at Google.

431
00:16:37.434 --> 00:16:39.868
But if you do what I do, and if you do what people who have

432
00:16:39.868 --> 00:16:42.033
content do, and if you do what YouTube does, how do you

433
00:16:42.033 --> 00:16:44.767
monetize it?

434
00:16:44.767 --> 00:16:47.934
I mean, it's a huge problem -- not a

435
00:16:47.934 --> 00:16:50.667
problem, challenge. Challenge.

436
00:16:50.667 --> 00:16:53.968
As Rahm Emanuel says, we see every crisis as an opportunity.

437
00:16:53.968 --> 00:16:56.968
Is this -- is it a challenge to find ways to monetize it?

438
00:16:56.968 --> 00:16:59.601
You produce content.

439
00:16:59.601 --> 00:17:02.133
If you make it free, you don't generate a lot of revenue.

440
00:17:02.133 --> 00:17:04.300
So what is the answer to monetization, because it affects

441
00:17:04.300 --> 00:17:06.501
YouTube, one of your companies?

442
00:17:06.501 --> 00:17:08.400
On user-generated content .

443
00:17:08.400 --> 00:17:09.834
Right.

444
00:17:09.834 --> 00:17:11.234
A lot of it is very hard to monetize…

445
00:17:11.234 --> 00:17:12.667
Right.

446
00:17:12.667 --> 00:17:14.100
It's very hard to show an ad

447
00:17:14.100 --> 00:17:15.501
next to some of this

448
00:17:15.501 --> 00:17:16.901
stuff, and many advertisers wouldn't want to

449
00:17:16.901 --> 00:17:18.467
be near that stuff.

450
00:17:18.467 --> 00:17:19.868
Right.

451
00:17:19.868 --> 00:17:21.434
That's the problem, isn't it?

452
00:17:21.434 --> 00:17:22.868
That is the problem.

453
00:17:22.868 --> 00:17:24.434
They don't want to be there.

454
00:17:24.434 --> 00:17:25.901
So there is a total market of monetizable things.

455
00:17:25.901 --> 00:17:27.300
Here is a model for you.

456
00:17:27.300 --> 00:17:28.601
For things which are going to be viewed by 2 billion people…

457
00:17:28.601 --> 00:17:30.067
Yes.

458
00:17:30.067 --> 00:17:31.701
… you are going to use advertisements.

459
00:17:31.701 --> 00:17:33.567
And you will use -- in the case of YouTube, you will use videos

460
00:17:33.567 --> 00:17:35.634
around the side, you'll use ads at the bottom, you'll do 15

461
00:17:35.634 --> 00:17:38.000
second pre-roll or post-roll.

462
00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:40.000
And all of those experiments are being tried at YouTube.

463
00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:41.767
I would say YouTube's monetization of that is halfway.

464
00:17:41.767 --> 00:17:43.601
We are not where we need to be, but we're much farther along

465
00:17:43.601 --> 00:17:45.300
than we were last year.

466
00:17:45.300 --> 00:17:46.968
OK.

467
00:17:46.968 --> 00:17:48.767
Take social networks like Facebook and MySpace.

468
00:17:48.767 --> 00:17:51.033
They have the same problem.

469
00:17:51.033 --> 00:17:53.033
Absolutely.

470
00:17:53.033 --> 00:17:55.000
The argument is made that nobody -- nobody --

471
00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:56.767
people who are on Facebook are interested in what their friends

472
00:17:56.767 --> 00:17:58.334
are doing.

473
00:17:58.334 --> 00:18:00.000
They're not interested in ads because they are not searching

474
00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:01.767
for products…

475
00:18:01.767 --> 00:18:03.334
But that's not.

476
00:18:03.334 --> 00:18:05.000
… or (INAUDIBLE).

477
00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:06.767
But that denies the fundamental

478
00:18:06.767 --> 00:18:08.334
progress of innovation.

479
00:18:08.334 --> 00:18:10.033
There are absolutely will be solutions for that.

480
00:18:10.033 --> 00:18:11.767
We just haven't invented them yet.

481
00:18:11.767 --> 00:18:13.601
Yes.

482
00:18:13.601 --> 00:18:15.200
We are still waiting for the 20 percent

483
00:18:15.200 --> 00:18:16.934
timers to come up with these insights, but it's obvious…

484
00:18:16.934 --> 00:18:18.467
You got some Google boys and girls out there

485
00:18:18.467 --> 00:18:20.100
working on this as we speak.

486
00:18:20.100 --> 00:18:21.601
You know, you sort of -- you can't sort of

487
00:18:21.601 --> 00:18:22.968
tell them.

488
00:18:22.968 --> 00:18:24.501
It has to occur -- it has to occur naturally if there is a

489
00:18:24.501 --> 00:18:26.601
bottoms-up process.

490
00:18:26.601 --> 00:18:29.000
So we're waiting.

491
00:18:29.000 --> 00:18:31.234
But we know it will come, because the amount of time

492
00:18:31.234 --> 00:18:33.601
being spent on that is so significant, that we know we can

493
00:18:33.601 --> 00:18:35.901
use that time for some form of entertainment, advertising, some

494
00:18:35.901 --> 00:18:37.834
kind of immersive experience.

495
00:18:37.834 --> 00:18:39.801
Another way to think about content, I said 2 billion -- if

496
00:18:39.801 --> 00:18:42.267
your audience is 2 billion, you use

497
00:18:42.267 --> 00:18:45.300
advertising. But…

498
00:18:45.300 --> 00:18:48.300
Mine is a little less than that.

499
00:18:48.300 --> 00:18:50.801
Well, in a smaller audience, say you know,

500
00:18:50.801 --> 00:18:52.934
some number 20 million kind of an audience, 2 million audience,

501
00:18:52.934 --> 00:18:55.033
you can imagine that you will have

502
00:18:55.033 --> 00:18:56.834
micro-payments, not advertising…

503
00:18:56.834 --> 00:18:58.701
Right.

504
00:18:58.701 --> 00:19:00.334
… where you will pay a one cent, three cent,

505
00:19:00.334 --> 00:19:02.067
five cent for a view.

506
00:19:02.067 --> 00:19:03.901
And those tools and techniques are being

507
00:19:03.901 --> 00:19:05.868
developed now in the industry.

508
00:19:05.868 --> 00:19:07.934
And I think they are likely to be successful.

509
00:19:07.934 --> 00:19:10.000
And then for highly, highly specialized, that is knowledge

510
00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:11.901
workers who are highly paid and they have to have this very

511
00:19:11.901 --> 00:19:13.834
special report, they will pay big bucks and they'll use the

512
00:19:13.834 --> 00:19:16.501
traditional subscription methods.

513
00:19:16.501 --> 00:19:20.100
Before we talk about five years from now and

514
00:19:20.100 --> 00:19:23.033
then 25 years from now, let me just raise a couple of points.

515
00:19:23.033 --> 00:19:25.467
One, Google -- Google Earth, how is it being used?

516
00:19:25.467 --> 00:19:27.701
And are people that we don't like using it?

517
00:19:27.701 --> 00:19:29.701
Well, I'm sure that there are people we don't

518
00:19:29.701 --> 00:19:32.000
like using it.

519
00:19:32.000 --> 00:19:34.567
The general answer…

520
00:19:34.567 --> 00:19:36.968
Because I remember there was a famous

521
00:19:36.968 --> 00:19:39.067
incident of Dick Cheney sort of wanted it wiped off because of

522
00:19:39.067 --> 00:19:41.133
the vice presidential residence, isn't that right?

523
00:19:41.133 --> 00:19:42.934
Did you -- you guys in Google do something?

524
00:19:42.934 --> 00:19:44.367
Well, our supplier did it.

525
00:19:44.367 --> 00:19:45.767
But in any case, we have pictures back of where the

526
00:19:45.767 --> 00:19:47.167
residence is.

527
00:19:47.167 --> 00:19:48.567
You couldn't see it -- what

528
00:19:48.567 --> 00:19:49.968
did you get, a little

529
00:19:49.968 --> 00:19:51.834
blank space or…

530
00:19:51.834 --> 00:19:53.467
It was a little covered up.

531
00:19:53.467 --> 00:19:54.934
The problem I have with these arguments is that everyone knows

532
00:19:54.934 --> 00:19:56.534
where the vice president's residence is.

533
00:19:56.534 --> 00:19:58.234
Yeah.

534
00:19:58.234 --> 00:19:59.767
So what are we…

535
00:19:59.767 --> 00:20:01.434
And if you don't know, you can find out.

536
00:20:01.434 --> 00:20:03.167
It's on the maps…

537
00:20:03.167 --> 00:20:04.734
Yes.

538
00:20:04.734 --> 00:20:06.133
… when you buy them in Washington.

539
00:20:06.133 --> 00:20:07.434
Vice president's residence, called the Naval Observatory.

540
00:20:07.434 --> 00:20:08.934
Right.

541
00:20:08.934 --> 00:20:10.534
Look it up.

542
00:20:10.534 --> 00:20:12.000
OK.

543
00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:13.634
What are we -- like where is the CIA?

544
00:20:13.634 --> 00:20:15.367
There is the address in the phone book.

545
00:20:15.367 --> 00:20:16.901
In Langley.

546
00:20:16.901 --> 00:20:18.567
Yes, Langley, it's in the movies, there's a

547
00:20:18.567 --> 00:20:20.300
nice picture of driving into it.

548
00:20:20.300 --> 00:20:21.868
Right.

549
00:20:21.868 --> 00:20:23.567
So the real question is what information is

550
00:20:23.567 --> 00:20:25.534
broadly available to evil people.

551
00:20:25.534 --> 00:20:27.767
Yes.

552
00:20:27.767 --> 00:20:29.934
And the answer -- the answer, unfortunately, is

553
00:20:29.934 --> 00:20:32.267
that virtually all of the information that -- any

554
00:20:32.267 --> 00:20:34.701
information we have has already been -- already available to the

555
00:20:34.701 --> 00:20:37.033
evil people as best we can tell.

556
00:20:37.033 --> 00:20:39.467
And we're obviously not trying to encourage that.

557
00:20:39.467 --> 00:20:41.801
But the fact of the matter is that physical maps are available

558
00:20:41.801 --> 00:20:44.567
to evil people, and so forth and so on.

559
00:20:44.567 --> 00:20:46.734
So we try very hard not to show stuff that's

560
00:20:46.734 --> 00:20:48.901
not generally available.

561
00:20:48.901 --> 00:20:51.067


562
00:20:51.067 --> 00:20:53.267
Just on the maps. I do want to emphasize that we've seen

563
00:20:53.267 --> 00:20:55.434
an explosion in the

564
00:20:55.434 --> 00:20:58.367
use of Google Maps and Google Earth for education.

565
00:20:58.367 --> 00:21:01.400
The earth is a special place.

566
00:21:01.400 --> 00:21:04.000
It is our home and it's why we're all here.

567
00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:06.601
And the ability to see what is really going on in the earth,

568
00:21:06.601 --> 00:21:09.100
both the good stuff and the bad stuff, at the level that you can

569
00:21:09.100 --> 00:21:11.601
is phenomenal.

570
00:21:11.601 --> 00:21:13.767
Not only do we have Google Earth, you can see changes from

571
00:21:13.767 --> 00:21:15.934
-- climate changes, the obvious one.

572
00:21:15.934 --> 00:21:18.267
People are finding things like meteorite impact craters and

573
00:21:18.267 --> 00:21:20.267
things like that.

574
00:21:20.267 --> 00:21:22.267
We -- last year, we introduced something like Google Sky,

575
00:21:22.267 --> 00:21:24.400
which will show from the point you are on Google Earth what the

576
00:21:24.400 --> 00:21:26.767
sky looks like.

577
00:21:26.767 --> 00:21:29.067
It's a tremendous teaching school -- teaching tool.

578
00:21:29.067 --> 00:21:31.267
A few weeks ago, we announced Google Ocean.

579
00:21:31.267 --> 00:21:33.234
And you can actually start from any of the coasts and go right

580
00:21:33.234 --> 00:21:35.200
under the water and see what the -- what the --

581
00:21:35.200 --> 00:21:36.901
The topography is or…

582
00:21:36.901 --> 00:21:38.467
It' unbelievable.

583
00:21:38.467 --> 00:21:40.167
And you need Google Earth version 5 beta.

584
00:21:40.167 --> 00:21:41.834
Wait a minute.

585
00:21:41.834 --> 00:21:44.234
Can you see the fish?

586
00:21:44.234 --> 00:21:46.767
Yes, we have fake fish.

587
00:21:46.767 --> 00:21:49.167
We've drawn them in.

588
00:21:49.167 --> 00:21:51.434
And in fact, you can find shipwrecks and so forth.

589
00:21:51.434 --> 00:21:53.667
And we got information, as an example, where we got back

590
00:21:53.667 --> 00:21:56.000
metric (ph) information from the U.S.

591
00:21:56.000 --> 00:21:58.567
Navy, they were happy to give it.

592
00:21:58.567 --> 00:22:01.234
Speak to GPS in terms of what is going on,

593
00:22:01.234 --> 00:22:04.000
because -- and what you guys at Google are thinking about.

594
00:22:04.000 --> 00:22:06.734
Because there is this idea that you want us to know where

595
00:22:06.734 --> 00:22:09.634
everybody is all the time.

596
00:22:09.634 --> 00:22:12.067
So you can -- not you, but you know what I mean.

597
00:22:12.067 --> 00:22:14.133
This, the next generation, I'm not sure about

598
00:22:14.133 --> 00:22:15.934
my generation, but the next generation is infinitely more

599
00:22:15.934 --> 00:22:17.767
social online.

600
00:22:17.767 --> 00:22:19.667
Right.

601
00:22:19.667 --> 00:22:21.334
And they are…

602
00:22:21.334 --> 00:22:22.834
And infinitely less private.

603
00:22:22.834 --> 00:22:24.200
Yes, as evidenced -- as evidenced by their

604
00:22:24.200 --> 00:22:27.367
Facebook pictures.

605
00:22:27.367 --> 00:22:29.100
Right.

606
00:22:29.100 --> 00:22:30.934
And by the way, those pictures will be around

607
00:22:30.934 --> 00:22:32.501
when they are running for president 40 years from now.

608
00:22:32.501 --> 00:22:34.200
Oh, yes, they will be.

609
00:22:34.200 --> 00:22:36.000
And we haven't quite settled who owns them either, have we,

610
00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:37.567
even though Facebook…

611
00:22:37.567 --> 00:22:39.000
It won't matter who owns them.

612
00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:40.567
Trust me, when they get out, it's going to be a problem when

613
00:22:40.567 --> 00:22:42.000
they are running for office.

614
00:22:42.000 --> 00:22:43.667
That's right.

615
00:22:43.667 --> 00:22:45.434
And not to speak of your e-mails.

616
00:22:45.434 --> 00:22:47.367
That's right.

617
00:22:47.367 --> 00:22:49.467
And the fact of the matter is that we've given up something

618
00:22:49.467 --> 00:22:51.567
in terms of privacy in return for these other things.

619
00:22:51.567 --> 00:22:53.367
And I think that is a societal change that we have to admit is

620
00:22:53.367 --> 00:22:54.968
occurring, at least among younger generations.

621
00:22:54.968 --> 00:22:56.667
Any problem about this?

622
00:22:56.667 --> 00:22:58.467
Could it go too far?

623
00:22:58.467 --> 00:23:00.434
Where is…

624
00:23:00.434 --> 00:23:02.367
Of course it can go too far.

625
00:23:02.367 --> 00:23:04.400
And the trick is that people should have control over what

626
00:23:04.400 --> 00:23:06.434
they choose to -- people should have control over what they,

627
00:23:06.434 --> 00:23:08.167
what information they publish.

628
00:23:08.167 --> 00:23:09.767
As long as the answer is that I chose to make a mess of myself

629
00:23:09.767 --> 00:23:11.434
with this picture, then it's fine.

630
00:23:11.434 --> 00:23:14.133
Right. Right.

631
00:23:14.133 --> 00:23:15.501
The issue is when somebody else does it.

632
00:23:15.501 --> 00:23:16.834
It stuns me what people will do

633
00:23:16.834 --> 00:23:19.767
for 15 minutes of fame.

634
00:23:19.767 --> 00:23:21.033
Well, but that's their choice.

635
00:23:21.033 --> 00:23:22.267
And they have to live with the -- they have to live with the

636
00:23:22.267 --> 00:23:23.801
consequences of it.

637
00:23:23.801 --> 00:23:25.801
I know.

638
00:23:25.801 --> 00:23:27.767
But the fact of the matter is that it's now

639
00:23:27.767 --> 00:23:29.767
possible, for example -- we have a product called Google

640
00:23:29.767 --> 00:23:32.100
Latitude, which runs on any of your mobile browsers using GPS

641
00:23:32.100 --> 00:23:34.100
that will not -- which will essentially tell everyone you

642
00:23:34.100 --> 00:23:36.200
wish where you are.

643
00:23:36.200 --> 00:23:38.267
And you can decide the level of accuracy and also how far you

644
00:23:38.267 --> 00:23:40.300
publish it.

645
00:23:40.300 --> 00:23:42.100
So, you can say it only to three people and you can tell them

646
00:23:42.100 --> 00:23:43.701
accurately, you can also say only to these three people and

647
00:23:43.701 --> 00:23:45.868
you can tell them, oh, I'm in the state of

648
00:23:45.868 --> 00:23:48.300
New Jersey, or whatever.

649
00:23:48.300 --> 00:23:50.767
I got you.

650
00:23:50.767 --> 00:23:53.834
And that notion, that notion of control is

651
00:23:53.834 --> 00:23:58.000
fundamental to the evolution of these privacy-based solutions.

652
00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:01.334
Tease me about what is the on the edge, what is

653
00:24:01.334 --> 00:24:04.467
exciting about where we are going in terms of what Google

654
00:24:04.467 --> 00:24:07.067
and other technology companies will be able to do for us or

655
00:24:07.067 --> 00:24:09.767
enable us.

656
00:24:09.767 --> 00:24:12.033
Well, Google is first and

657
00:24:12.033 --> 00:24:14.234
foremost a search engine.

658
00:24:14.234 --> 00:24:16.501
And we like to think of the person as the search.

659
00:24:16.501 --> 00:24:18.834
Right.

660
00:24:18.834 --> 00:24:21.267
So when somebody types something today, they are

661
00:24:21.267 --> 00:24:23.367
really typing in the context of their history, their background,

662
00:24:23.367 --> 00:24:25.868
what they know, their belief systems and so forth.

663
00:24:25.868 --> 00:24:28.634
And if they give us permission, we can use some of that to give

664
00:24:28.634 --> 00:24:31.200
them more accurate information.

665
00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:33.834
So now let's imagine, for purposes of argument, a

666
00:24:33.834 --> 00:24:36.267
situation where you are walking down the street and it's with

667
00:24:36.267 --> 00:24:38.434
your mobile device and your GPS.

668
00:24:38.434 --> 00:24:40.334
So why can't my phone generate the searches that I should have

669
00:24:40.334 --> 00:24:42.467
been asking?

670
00:24:42.467 --> 00:24:44.701
It knows what I care about.

671
00:24:44.701 --> 00:24:46.667
I'm a fan of history.

672
00:24:46.667 --> 00:24:48.367
When I walk down the streets of New York, why doesn't it tell me

673
00:24:48.367 --> 00:24:50.400
the history of every building so that I don't have to bother

674
00:24:50.400 --> 00:24:52.767
to type, I can just see it?

675
00:24:52.767 --> 00:24:54.868
Yeah.

676
00:24:54.868 --> 00:24:57.067
Imagine the situation where the person, the

677
00:24:57.067 --> 00:24:59.167
GPS, the phone, and this constant searching creates a

678
00:24:59.167 --> 00:25:01.133
narrative stream.

679
00:25:01.133 --> 00:25:03.234
It's highly personal and highly entertaining.

680
00:25:03.234 --> 00:25:05.334
Entertain me.

681
00:25:05.334 --> 00:25:07.567
So, what can you -- can you imagine the

682
00:25:07.567 --> 00:25:09.701
circumstances in which I would somehow be able to connect to

683
00:25:09.701 --> 00:25:11.868
the idea that I was going to be talking to Eric Schmidt, and so

684
00:25:11.868 --> 00:25:14.000
they would provide me with lots of interesting questions.

685
00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:16.133
Well, yes, and in fact, we can

686
00:25:16.133 --> 00:25:18.267
almost do that by .

687
00:25:18.267 --> 00:25:20.234
Like where were you.

688
00:25:20.234 --> 00:25:22.200
We can do that almost -- almost

689
00:25:22.200 --> 00:25:24.167
now with your calendar.

690
00:25:24.167 --> 00:25:26.334
Yeah.

691
00:25:26.334 --> 00:25:28.200
Because we know who you are meeting.

692
00:25:28.200 --> 00:25:30.167
And if your calendar is inside of Google, it should eventually

693
00:25:30.167 --> 00:25:32.167
be possible for us to generate the questions for

694
00:25:32.167 --> 00:25:33.901
each of your meetings.

695
00:25:33.901 --> 00:25:36.234
Should be and will be, when?

696
00:25:36.234 --> 00:25:38.534
Should be, you know -- it's -- engineers are

697
00:25:38.534 --> 00:25:40.767
working on it.

698
00:25:40.767 --> 00:25:42.968
But so Gmail, suppose I use Gmail.

699
00:25:42.968 --> 00:25:44.834
You guys can see all of my Gmail.

700
00:25:44.834 --> 00:25:46.501
But we don't by practice.

701
00:25:46.501 --> 00:25:48.267
Well, yeah, but you know what the argument is

702
00:25:48.267 --> 00:25:50.267
about that.

703
00:25:50.267 --> 00:25:52.033
We have rules.

704
00:25:52.033 --> 00:25:53.601
Suppose you didn't like me.

705
00:25:53.601 --> 00:25:55.033
Even if we don't like you, we won't

706
00:25:55.033 --> 00:25:58.234
violate our rules.

707
00:25:58.234 --> 00:25:59.634
Yeah.

708
00:25:59.634 --> 00:26:00.901
So what, so you are saying -- you're saying trust us?

709
00:26:00.901 --> 00:26:02.100
Trust us?

710
00:26:02.100 --> 00:26:03.300
Yes.

711
00:26:03.300 --> 00:26:04.501
That's it.

712
00:26:04.501 --> 00:26:05.701
We are not going to -- we're not

713
00:26:05.701 --> 00:26:08.634
going to sneak a look.

714
00:26:08.634 --> 00:26:10.200
We do not sneak a look.

715
00:26:10.200 --> 00:26:12.167
So when Barack Obama was running for president,

716
00:26:12.167 --> 00:26:14.167
and he had a Gmail account -- I don't know whether he did or not

717
00:26:14.167 --> 00:26:15.934
-- nobody was saying…

718
00:26:15.934 --> 00:26:17.734
To our knowledge, no one did it.

719
00:26:17.734 --> 00:26:19.667
And if they had, they would have been fired.

720
00:26:19.667 --> 00:26:21.400
Immediately.

721
00:26:21.400 --> 00:26:23.234
And it's also possible that they would have

722
00:26:23.234 --> 00:26:25.067
been guilty of federal laws had they broken into that account

723
00:26:25.067 --> 00:26:26.968
using a false password.

724
00:26:26.968 --> 00:26:28.634
The laws are very strict about this.

725
00:26:28.634 --> 00:26:30.133
So if somebody gets into an account without

726
00:26:30.133 --> 00:26:31.501
using the password, they may be guilty of a crime?

727
00:26:31.501 --> 00:26:33.167
Yeah.

728
00:26:33.167 --> 00:26:34.734
They're likely to be guilty.

729
00:26:34.734 --> 00:26:36.834
OK.

730
00:26:36.834 --> 00:26:38.901
The digital divide -- where are we and where should we be and

731
00:26:38.901 --> 00:26:41.067
why aren't we there now?

732
00:26:41.067 --> 00:26:43.300
The good news is that we work in a technology

733
00:26:43.300 --> 00:26:45.234
where prices are improving.

734
00:26:45.234 --> 00:26:47.000
Prices, it's a constant price reduction business.

735
00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:48.467
I have no idea, by the way, how these hardware companies make

736
00:26:48.467 --> 00:26:50.400
any money at all .

737
00:26:50.400 --> 00:26:52.501
Yeah.

738
00:26:52.501 --> 00:26:54.767
Prices are so low now.

739
00:26:54.767 --> 00:26:57.067
But the corollary benefit is the explosion in digital devices

740
00:26:57.067 --> 00:26:59.534
for people who could never have imagined having access to these

741
00:26:59.534 --> 00:27:01.601
things 10 or 20 years ago.

742
00:27:01.601 --> 00:27:03.667
The obvious example being the gaming industry or the game --

743
00:27:03.667 --> 00:27:05.434
the game devices are as powerful as the

744
00:27:05.434 --> 00:27:07.300
personal computers today.

745
00:27:07.300 --> 00:27:09.167
The real story is going to be on the mobile phones, to come

746
00:27:09.167 --> 00:27:11.267
back to that.

747
00:27:11.267 --> 00:27:13.567
Because everyone gets a mobile phone.

748
00:27:13.567 --> 00:27:15.934
And even in the third world, and that is the worst example of

749
00:27:15.934 --> 00:27:17.968
digital divide, you can build networks where people use SMS,

750
00:27:17.968 --> 00:27:20.200
which are these short messages, 160-character messages, to

751
00:27:20.200 --> 00:27:22.567
actually do searches and queries, and we do that -- we do

752
00:27:22.567 --> 00:27:24.834
that in those markets.

753
00:27:24.834 --> 00:27:27.033
And if you are a farmer who is depending on the prices -- you

754
00:27:27.033 --> 00:27:29.200
know, the weather forecast, that query may -- may determine

755
00:27:29.200 --> 00:27:31.067
whether you go bankrupt or not with your farm.

756
00:27:31.067 --> 00:27:32.767
OK, but where is that, though?

757
00:27:32.767 --> 00:27:34.534
I mean, are we -- do they have access to that?

758
00:27:34.534 --> 00:27:36.400
You're saying .

759
00:27:36.400 --> 00:27:38.000
It is absolutely.

760
00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:39.734
If they have a mobile phone.

761
00:27:39.734 --> 00:27:42.934
If they have a mobile phone .

762
00:27:42.934 --> 00:27:44.667
So therefore, more farmers know when it is

763
00:27:44.667 --> 00:27:46.467
going to rain.

764
00:27:46.467 --> 00:27:48.067
There are roughly a billion more mobile phones

765
00:27:48.067 --> 00:27:49.767
coming online in the next three to 3.5 years.

766
00:27:49.767 --> 00:27:51.534
That extra billion voices are voices we have never heard, in

767
00:27:51.534 --> 00:27:53.367
languages we don't speak.

768
00:27:53.367 --> 00:27:55.267
We have no idea what they are going to tell us.

769
00:27:55.267 --> 00:27:57.167
But they are going to be heard, and I think it's great.

770
00:27:57.167 --> 00:27:59.234
OK, but that raises the interesting question

771
00:27:59.234 --> 00:28:01.033
about what language will be used.

772
00:28:01.033 --> 00:28:02.901
I mean, does it depend -- I mean is there -- is English the

773
00:28:02.901 --> 00:28:04.801
standard for -- going to be -- Chinese going to be the standard

774
00:28:04.801 --> 00:28:06.467
in 2050?

775
00:28:06.467 --> 00:28:08.367
Well, English appears to be the global

776
00:28:08.367 --> 00:28:10.534
language certainly of commerce and intellectuals.

777
00:28:10.534 --> 00:28:12.434
Today.

778
00:28:12.434 --> 00:28:13.901
On the Internet, Chinese is growing more quickly

779
00:28:13.901 --> 00:28:15.367
as a language than -- Chinese and Mandarin,

780
00:28:15.367 --> 00:28:16.834
specifically, over English.

781
00:28:16.834 --> 00:28:18.300
And why is that, just because

782
00:28:18.300 --> 00:28:19.767
there are a lot of.

783
00:28:19.767 --> 00:28:21.434
Just because of that number -- there are many

784
00:28:21.434 --> 00:28:23.133
Chinese and lots more to go.

785
00:28:23.133 --> 00:28:25.033
And increasingly they are middle -- more in

786
00:28:25.033 --> 00:28:26.868
middle class who has access to technology.

787
00:28:26.868 --> 00:28:29.033
There are on the order of 250 million users in

788
00:28:29.033 --> 00:28:31.200
China of the Internet, which is more than the number of users

789
00:28:31.200 --> 00:28:33.634
that we have in the United States today.

790
00:28:33.634 --> 00:28:35.701
And that is an important -- an important milestone.

791
00:28:35.701 --> 00:28:37.801
And they have many, many hundreds of millions to go.

792
00:28:37.801 --> 00:28:39.868
There are about 500 million mobile phone users in China.

793
00:28:39.868 --> 00:28:41.667
Right.

794
00:28:41.667 --> 00:28:43.567
With again, many more Chinese people to come.

795
00:28:43.567 --> 00:28:45.534
And the rate of growth is extraordinary.

796
00:28:45.534 --> 00:28:47.634
Yes.

797
00:28:47.634 --> 00:28:49.701
Is technology doing all it can to help us?

798
00:28:49.701 --> 00:28:51.767
Is technology on the cutting edge?

799
00:28:51.767 --> 00:28:53.934
Is technology delivering its promise?

800
00:28:53.934 --> 00:28:56.667
Let me give you the simple…

801
00:28:56.667 --> 00:28:59.534
Isn't that what we want?

802
00:28:59.534 --> 00:29:02.133
Let me give you the -- let me give you the

803
00:29:02.133 --> 00:29:04.367
simple case, and the, I think the challenging case.

804
00:29:04.367 --> 00:29:06.701
The simple case is that all of these new technologies allow you

805
00:29:06.701 --> 00:29:09.267
to organize your classroom around community learning.

806
00:29:09.267 --> 00:29:11.734
Yes.

807
00:29:11.734 --> 00:29:14.200
So -- and children can do this today.

808
00:29:14.200 --> 00:29:16.734
Build a small Web site, build us -- we have a product called

809
00:29:16.734 --> 00:29:18.868
Sites that does this, there are others, where you basically

810
00:29:18.868 --> 00:29:21.000
build a knowledge domain, and everybody can contribute.

811
00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:23.167
You have a document, everyone can collectively

812
00:29:23.167 --> 00:29:25.067
edit it and so forth.

813
00:29:25.067 --> 00:29:27.000
And you figure out who did all the work.

814
00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:29.167
A lot of learning today and watching teachers teach, is they

815
00:29:29.167 --> 00:29:31.667
try to do it in groups.

816
00:29:31.667 --> 00:29:34.634
We don't really see it as individuals anymore, and that

817
00:29:34.634 --> 00:29:37.534
starts literally in first grade.

818
00:29:37.534 --> 00:29:40.601
So that is likely the majority of use today is really

819
00:29:40.601 --> 00:29:43.901
community-based, using images, searches and so forth, all of

820
00:29:43.901 --> 00:29:46.734
which we're happy to do at Google.

821
00:29:46.734 --> 00:29:49.767
To me, the real question is how does the ability to have all the

822
00:29:49.767 --> 00:29:53.133
world's information in front of you, all the

823
00:29:53.133 --> 00:29:56.167
time, change education.

824
00:29:56.167 --> 00:29:59.167
When I was 13 and I grew up in Virginia, I was required to

825
00:29:59.167 --> 00:30:02.067
memorize the 52 cities that were the capital cities of each

826
00:30:02.067 --> 00:30:04.734
county of the state of Virginia.

827
00:30:04.734 --> 00:30:06.968
Which I mastered after a lot of work.

828
00:30:06.968 --> 00:30:09.167
Today, of course, there is a nice table in Google that tells

829
00:30:09.167 --> 00:30:11.434
me all that and I don't know why I would have to

830
00:30:11.434 --> 00:30:13.667
memorize all that.

831
00:30:13.667 --> 00:30:15.834
I could give you a test on this.

832
00:30:15.834 --> 00:30:17.667
So why did I have to memorize all that?

833
00:30:17.667 --> 00:30:19.434
Because instead of -- instead what they should have done is

834
00:30:19.434 --> 00:30:21.501
they should have taught me how to search for it.

835
00:30:21.501 --> 00:30:24.100
Exactly.

836
00:30:24.100 --> 00:30:26.367
So I have friends -- I have a friend who is a

837
00:30:26.367 --> 00:30:28.634
venture capitalist, Bill Joy, who described how he does

838
00:30:28.634 --> 00:30:31.200
venture capital, is he uses Google to search for

839
00:30:31.200 --> 00:30:33.434
all the new ideas.

840
00:30:33.434 --> 00:30:35.667
He reads the papers, so he figures out what the search

841
00:30:35.667 --> 00:30:37.868
query is, he reads the paper and then he calls the people to say

842
00:30:37.868 --> 00:30:39.801
what's new, what is innovative.

843
00:30:39.801 --> 00:30:41.801
Wait, this is important to me.

844
00:30:41.801 --> 00:30:43.534
He looks at the papers, then .

845
00:30:43.534 --> 00:30:45.300
The first…

846
00:30:45.300 --> 00:30:46.901
He goes online and looks at

847
00:30:46.901 --> 00:30:48.801
newspapers or reads them.

848
00:30:48.801 --> 00:30:51.234
He starts -- no, he starts off -- he starts off

849
00:30:51.234 --> 00:30:53.701
with a search.

850
00:30:53.701 --> 00:30:56.334
I'm interested in hydrodynamics.

851
00:30:56.334 --> 00:30:58.801
And he learns by digging, by repetitive searching until he

852
00:30:58.801 --> 00:31:00.934
finds the papers that are authoritative, he looks at who

853
00:31:00.934 --> 00:31:02.801
the authors are, and he calls the authors.

854
00:31:02.801 --> 00:31:04.467
And these are people no one ever calls.

855
00:31:04.467 --> 00:31:06.100
So they return his call.

856
00:31:06.100 --> 00:31:08.100
Yeah.

857
00:31:08.100 --> 00:31:09.868
Right?

858
00:31:09.868 --> 00:31:12.167
And that's how he learns.

859
00:31:12.167 --> 00:31:14.868
So rather than having a textbook, he starts with a

860
00:31:14.868 --> 00:31:17.567
search on an idea.

861
00:31:17.567 --> 00:31:19.868
The combination of Wikipedia, which is a remarkable

862
00:31:19.868 --> 00:31:22.300
achievement for humanity, just phenomenal, and search engines

863
00:31:22.300 --> 00:31:25.067
like Google mean that you can literally get it all if you are

864
00:31:25.067 --> 00:31:27.868
willing to be motivated.

865
00:31:27.868 --> 00:31:30.200
So my idea about school would be that you would sit there with

866
00:31:30.200 --> 00:31:32.467
however many students you have, and you would say, students, I'm

867
00:31:32.467 --> 00:31:34.934
going to give you a set of search terms to

868
00:31:34.934 --> 00:31:37.367
get started with.

869
00:31:37.367 --> 00:31:39.534
And we're going to see which of you learn the most.

870
00:31:39.534 --> 00:31:41.734
And what would happen, of course, is about a third, the

871
00:31:41.734 --> 00:31:43.901
ones in the back row that are asleep, are going to wait for

872
00:31:43.901 --> 00:31:46.367
the other two-thirds.

873
00:31:46.367 --> 00:31:49.000
And out of the other two-thirds, some of them will do

874
00:31:49.000 --> 00:31:51.467
it great, some of them do it poorly.

875
00:31:51.467 --> 00:31:53.934
And then you would have a conversation among all of them.

876
00:31:53.934 --> 00:31:56.033
It's a complete inversion of the textbook model.

877
00:31:56.033 --> 00:31:58.100
And of course, you could supplement it with a textbook

878
00:31:58.100 --> 00:32:00.767
for the people who were uncomfortable or not creative

879
00:32:00.767 --> 00:32:03.801
in that regard.

880
00:32:03.801 --> 00:32:06.300
What you said is you could.

881
00:32:06.300 --> 00:32:09.033
Are these kinds of things being translated to the people on the

882
00:32:09.033 --> 00:32:11.567
frontline of education, the teachers and the principals and

883
00:32:11.567 --> 00:32:13.734
the schools?

884
00:32:13.734 --> 00:32:15.834
I have met educators who are doing this.

885
00:32:15.834 --> 00:32:17.934
I was giving you the extreme example.

886
00:32:17.934 --> 00:32:19.868
Right.

887
00:32:19.868 --> 00:32:22.200
The most important accomplishment I have

888
00:32:22.200 --> 00:32:24.601
seen in education has been the development of these community

889
00:32:24.601 --> 00:32:27.267
sites around topic areas.

890
00:32:27.267 --> 00:32:29.734
So some of the best teachers in physics and chemistry and so

891
00:32:29.734 --> 00:32:32.300
forth get together and they put together lessons.

892
00:32:32.300 --> 00:32:34.767
Ostensibly as an online lesson plan, but it's really to get a

893
00:32:34.767 --> 00:32:37.267
compendium of information.

894
00:32:37.267 --> 00:32:39.634
And we have a lot of evidence that committed people,

895
00:32:39.634 --> 00:32:42.267
professionals like people here in the audience, who work

896
00:32:42.267 --> 00:32:45.100
collaboratively across all the United States, produce

897
00:32:45.100 --> 00:32:47.434
enormously valuable product.

898
00:32:47.434 --> 00:32:49.701
And that product can serve as the basis for the next revision

899
00:32:49.701 --> 00:32:51.901
of textbooks, the next revision of certification, and I think

900
00:32:51.901 --> 00:32:54.100
it's wonderful.

901
00:32:54.100 --> 00:32:56.033
Let's look five years from now.

902
00:32:56.033 --> 00:32:58.000
I mean, all the things we have been talking about today are

903
00:32:58.000 --> 00:33:00.100
mostly here today.

904
00:33:00.100 --> 00:33:02.601
Where is it all going?

905
00:33:02.601 --> 00:33:05.234
What is exciting about where we will be…

906
00:33:05.234 --> 00:33:07.767
Let's do a little math.

907
00:33:07.767 --> 00:33:10.167
Five years from now, Moore's law, doubling every 18 months,

908
00:33:10.167 --> 00:33:12.467
means a factor of 10 in everything you have today.

909
00:33:12.467 --> 00:33:14.434
You need to explain that a little bit more.

910
00:33:14.434 --> 00:33:16.701
I mean, Gordon Moore created this law which said…

911
00:33:16.701 --> 00:33:19.167
There is a law called Moore's law, which is

912
00:33:19.167 --> 00:33:21.400
true today.

913
00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:23.300
It had been true since he originated the idea.

914
00:33:23.300 --> 00:33:25.434
We thought it might -- a new calculation might step forward,

915
00:33:25.434 --> 00:33:28.000
but it didn't.

916
00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:30.734
Not today.

917
00:33:30.734 --> 00:33:33.067
It has to do with the physics of transistors and semiconductors.

918
00:33:33.067 --> 00:33:35.667
And basically, Moore's law says that you can double the density

919
00:33:35.667 --> 00:33:38.701
or the number of things that are on a computer

920
00:33:38.701 --> 00:33:41.567
chip every 18 months.

921
00:33:41.567 --> 00:33:44.367
So it's a rough rule means that the computer either gets twice

922
00:33:44.367 --> 00:33:46.701
as fast, or half the price over an 18 month period.

923
00:33:46.701 --> 00:33:49.367
Usually the vendors who prefer that it gets twice as fast and

924
00:33:49.367 --> 00:33:52.000
not fall half in price because of the revenue

925
00:33:52.000 --> 00:33:54.968
implications of that.

926
00:33:54.968 --> 00:33:57.701
But that's why these phones that you have, have more

927
00:33:57.701 --> 00:34:00.200
computer power than the entire NASA space program used in

928
00:34:00.200 --> 00:34:02.634
launching us to the Moon, all of the computers that they had.

929
00:34:02.634 --> 00:34:05.167
It's a phenomenal -- phenomenal achievement.

930
00:34:05.167 --> 00:34:08.167
And it's not slowing down.

931
00:34:08.167 --> 00:34:11.200
All of the evidence about Moore's law says that it will go

932
00:34:11.200 --> 00:34:14.133
on for another 10 to -- ten to 15 years.

933
00:34:14.133 --> 00:34:16.834
Eventually, we run into problems with photolithography and

934
00:34:16.834 --> 00:34:19.067
literally the speed of light, but we're not quite there yet.

935
00:34:19.067 --> 00:34:21.167
So for the next 10 or 15 years, you will see this kind of

936
00:34:21.167 --> 00:34:23.300
compound benefit.

937
00:34:23.300 --> 00:34:26.133
So I like to think of it this way.

938
00:34:26.133 --> 00:34:29.534
You figure that out, that means that in five years, it will be

939
00:34:29.534 --> 00:34:32.634
10 times cheaper or faster.

940
00:34:32.634 --> 00:34:35.868
In 10 years, by the way, that's a hundred times cheaper or

941
00:34:35.868 --> 00:34:39.367
faster, and in 15 years, it's a thousand times

942
00:34:39.367 --> 00:34:42.901
cheaper and faster.

943
00:34:42.901 --> 00:34:45.801
So unless something changes in 15 years -- I have a grandson,

944
00:34:45.801 --> 00:34:49.067
he will be 18 in 15 years -- he will have all of the world's

945
00:34:49.067 --> 00:34:51.801
information, every video, every movie and so forth, on a single

946
00:34:51.801 --> 00:34:54.300
hard drive.

947
00:34:54.300 --> 00:34:56.467
If he started watching it, he cannot finish

948
00:34:56.467 --> 00:34:58.467
watching it in 85 years.

949
00:34:58.467 --> 00:35:03.701
He will always be frustrated.

950
00:35:03.701 --> 00:35:06.334
It's amazing.

951
00:35:06.334 --> 00:35:08.934
What else is happening in five years?

952
00:35:08.934 --> 00:35:11.367
I mean, this has to do with the field that you are really in,

953
00:35:11.367 --> 00:35:13.834
which is all the world's information.

954
00:35:13.834 --> 00:35:15.934
There are many things that we can do with the

955
00:35:15.934 --> 00:35:18.033
corpus of information that is being gathered.

956
00:35:18.033 --> 00:35:19.834
We were talking about latitude and privacy, and so forth.

957
00:35:19.834 --> 00:35:21.701
Right.

958
00:35:21.701 --> 00:35:23.334
But there are many positive things

959
00:35:23.334 --> 00:35:24.834
that we can do.

960
00:35:24.834 --> 00:35:26.434
The most interesting one that we have recently done is called

961
00:35:26.434 --> 00:35:27.901
flu trends.

962
00:35:27.901 --> 00:35:29.501
We looked at .

963
00:35:29.501 --> 00:35:30.934
Flu trends in terms of

964
00:35:30.934 --> 00:35:32.267
worldwide flu, influenza.

965
00:35:32.267 --> 00:35:33.534
There a lot of evidence, concern about a

966
00:35:33.534 --> 00:35:34.968
pandemic .

967
00:35:34.968 --> 00:35:36.334
Right.

968
00:35:36.334 --> 00:35:37.634
.

969
00:35:37.634 --> 00:35:39.601
that might occur, similar to the '18 -- 1918 bird flu epidemic

970
00:35:39.601 --> 00:35:41.801
that killed…

971
00:35:41.801 --> 00:35:44.801
50 million.

972
00:35:44.801 --> 00:35:47.467
A proportionately huge number if it were today.

973
00:35:47.467 --> 00:35:50.100
And because people when they have a problem search for

974
00:35:50.100 --> 00:35:52.834
something, we can detect uncommon searches as a blip.

975
00:35:52.834 --> 00:35:55.701
And we can note that.

976
00:35:55.701 --> 00:35:58.634
In our case, we built a system which took anonymized searches,

977
00:35:58.634 --> 00:36:01.801
so you couldn't figure out exactly who it was -- and that

978
00:36:01.801 --> 00:36:05.000
is important -- and we could get six months ahead of the other

979
00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:07.934
reporting mechanisms and we could identify the outbreak.

980
00:36:07.934 --> 00:36:10.968
Many people believe that this device can save 10,000, 20,000,

981
00:36:10.968 --> 00:36:13.501
30,000 lives every year, just because the healthcare providers

982
00:36:13.501 --> 00:36:15.901
could get earlier and contain the outbreak.

983
00:36:15.901 --> 00:36:17.934
It is an example of collective intelligence of which there are

984
00:36:17.934 --> 00:36:20.334
many, many more.

985
00:36:20.334 --> 00:36:23.434
Well, I mean, just think about this mapping

986
00:36:23.434 --> 00:36:26.868
the human genome.

987
00:36:26.868 --> 00:36:29.701
You know, they have sort of got mostly there by, I think it was

988
00:36:29.701 --> 00:36:32.100
20 -- 2000 -- right around 2000, 2001 it may have been or

989
00:36:32.100 --> 00:36:35.033
19 -- Clinton had it at the White House and he left in 2000.

990
00:36:35.033 --> 00:36:37.567
So it may have been 1999.

991
00:36:37.567 --> 00:36:40.300
But right around there.

992
00:36:40.300 --> 00:36:42.868
And they are just beginning to have it pay off.

993
00:36:42.868 --> 00:36:45.434
I mean, because they have been mapping it.

994
00:36:45.434 --> 00:36:47.968
But that was done because technology enabled them to

995
00:36:47.968 --> 00:36:50.434
compress the amount of time to do it, and now they're doing

996
00:36:50.434 --> 00:36:52.601
remarkable stuff in terms of technology.

997
00:36:52.601 --> 00:36:55.300
And companies, A, ca personalize it.

998
00:36:55.300 --> 00:36:57.767
So rather than -- you know, that's just (inaudible) it has

999
00:36:57.767 --> 00:37:00.334
been compressed.

1000
00:37:00.334 --> 00:37:03.067
So you can pay $1,000 soon and know everything you may want to

1001
00:37:03.067 --> 00:37:06.000
know and may not want to know.

1002
00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:09.300
But if you want to know it, it will inform you about those

1003
00:37:09.300 --> 00:37:12.000
diseases that you have a genetic predisposition to.

1004
00:37:12.000 --> 00:37:14.701
And maybe there are things that you can do, even though you have

1005
00:37:14.701 --> 00:37:17.267
a predisposition to, that will either make your

1006
00:37:17.267 --> 00:37:19.701
life longer or not.

1007
00:37:19.701 --> 00:37:22.000
Other people say I worry about that because in the hands of

1008
00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:23.968
insurance companies, it might not be so fine.

1009
00:37:23.968 --> 00:37:25.734
But everyone is worried about everything.

1010
00:37:25.734 --> 00:37:27.267
Why don't we get optimistic for a change?

1011
00:37:27.267 --> 00:37:28.934
Right.

1012
00:37:28.934 --> 00:37:32.234
(APPLAUSE)

1013
00:37:32.234 --> 00:37:33.767
Let's try to figure out a way -- right?

1014
00:37:33.767 --> 00:37:35.133
Why don't we try to figure out a way to use this

1015
00:37:35.133 --> 00:37:36.667
to solve some problem.

1016
00:37:36.667 --> 00:37:38.334
Let me give you an example.

1017
00:37:38.334 --> 00:37:40.067
Right.

1018
00:37:40.067 --> 00:37:41.601
The Wikipedia model has been so successful.

1019
00:37:41.601 --> 00:37:43.100
Why don't we have all the smartest doctors organize a

1020
00:37:43.100 --> 00:37:44.601
corpus, a public corpus of medical information…

1021
00:37:44.601 --> 00:37:46.067
Right.

1022
00:37:46.067 --> 00:37:47.567
… that combines everything

1023
00:37:47.567 --> 00:37:49.067
everybody knows about

1024
00:37:49.067 --> 00:37:51.167
medical practice in one place.

1025
00:37:51.167 --> 00:37:53.234
A place where you can again, this would have to be a public

1026
00:37:53.234 --> 00:37:55.067
database, where you would keep pouring more experiential data,

1027
00:37:55.067 --> 00:37:56.934
and that you could build computer systems…

1028
00:37:56.934 --> 00:37:58.801
So you have all your cases,

1029
00:37:58.801 --> 00:38:00.734
everything you ever knew.

1030
00:38:00.734 --> 00:38:02.767
Again, anonymized, so it is

1031
00:38:02.767 --> 00:38:04.868
appropriately -- appropriately legal and all of that, and get

1032
00:38:04.868 --> 00:38:07.000
it in one place so people can begin to mine the data, they can

1033
00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:08.968
actually begin to figure out what the disease trends are.

1034
00:38:08.968 --> 00:38:11.300
What are the real health trends.

1035
00:38:11.300 --> 00:38:13.734
And this is not a knock on the existing providers that do it,

1036
00:38:13.734 --> 00:38:16.067
they just don't have the scale.

1037
00:38:16.067 --> 00:38:18.601
We are strong when we have thousands of people working in

1038
00:38:18.601 --> 00:38:21.234
parallel to solve a really important problem.

1039
00:38:21.234 --> 00:38:23.968
And I would tell you, by the way, that if you look at the

1040
00:38:23.968 --> 00:38:26.267
problems that society has had over the last 1,000 years,

1041
00:38:26.267 --> 00:38:28.767
start with the plague, and all of the things that we really had

1042
00:38:28.767 --> 00:38:31.100
-- nearly destroyed society, we overcame them through technology

1043
00:38:31.100 --> 00:38:33.167
and innovation.

1044
00:38:33.167 --> 00:38:35.067
People figured out new ways, whether it was in medicine,

1045
00:38:35.067 --> 00:38:37.100
governance, to overcome them.

1046
00:38:37.100 --> 00:38:38.868
So let's be positive about it.

1047
00:38:38.868 --> 00:38:40.434
We can work those issues.

1048
00:38:40.434 --> 00:38:42.133
There's always a way to handle the

1049
00:38:42.133 --> 00:38:44.434
objections if it's important.

1050
00:38:44.434 --> 00:38:46.400
OK.

1051
00:38:46.400 --> 00:38:48.634
But do we need anything in terms of presidential initiative,

1052
00:38:48.634 --> 00:38:51.033
presidential leadership, a czar or anything in order that we

1053
00:38:51.033 --> 00:38:53.100
get on with it?

1054
00:38:53.100 --> 00:38:54.868
Well, we needed the stimulus package, because

1055
00:38:54.868 --> 00:38:56.734
the stimulus package had, among other things, $20 billion of

1056
00:38:56.734 --> 00:38:58.601
science funding.

1057
00:38:58.601 --> 00:39:00.767
Right.

1058
00:39:00.767 --> 00:39:02.868
Science and education funding.

1059
00:39:02.868 --> 00:39:05.267
And essentially to move th ball forward.

1060
00:39:05.267 --> 00:39:07.334
One of the things about economics is everyone assumes

1061
00:39:07.334 --> 00:39:09.701
that economics are static.

1062
00:39:09.701 --> 00:39:11.767
Real wealth is created by businesses, not

1063
00:39:11.767 --> 00:39:13.868
by financial engineering.

1064
00:39:13.868 --> 00:39:16.167
And by businesses that build new products

1065
00:39:16.167 --> 00:39:18.200
that solve new problems.

1066
00:39:18.200 --> 00:39:20.767
And American jobs, and this is primarily in American - -

1067
00:39:20.767 --> 00:39:23.267
obviously an American stimulus package -- need to be

1068
00:39:23.267 --> 00:39:26.133
high-paying for a reason.

1069
00:39:26.133 --> 00:39:29.334
We're losing out to low-cost manufacturing economies, but we

1070
00:39:29.334 --> 00:39:32.334
have the best scientists, the best innovators, the best

1071
00:39:32.334 --> 00:39:35.567
educational system, and it should pay off.

1072
00:39:35.567 --> 00:39:40.000
And when it pays off, it's innovation, new products that

1073
00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:43.734
pay -- that pay well.

1074
00:39:43.734 --> 00:39:47.400
How is all this changing us?

1075
00:39:47.400 --> 00:39:51.000
I mean, you know, I moderated a seminar or a panel at the World

1076
00:39:51.000 --> 00:39:54.234
Science Summit last year.

1077
00:39:54.234 --> 00:39:57.634
The topic was what it means to be human, you know.

1078
00:39:57.634 --> 00:40:00.801
Some say, you know, that th human genome has made us

1079
00:40:00.801 --> 00:40:03.734
understand more what it means to be human.

1080
00:40:03.734 --> 00:40:06.868
And it's also made us understand that in terms of so many things

1081
00:40:06.868 --> 00:40:09.467
that might have -- people might have cited as differences, that

1082
00:40:09.467 --> 00:40:11.901
our genetic code was essentially the same.

1083
00:40:11.901 --> 00:40:14.734
But we're always in quest of what it is that

1084
00:40:14.734 --> 00:40:17.100
means to be human.

1085
00:40:17.100 --> 00:40:20.067
How is all this helping us understand that?

1086
00:40:20.067 --> 00:40:23.167
It certainly made me understand

1087
00:40:23.167 --> 00:40:26.100
why life is so precious.

1088
00:40:26.100 --> 00:40:28.667
That computers and the things that we do, do not replicate the

1089
00:40:28.667 --> 00:40:31.100
feelings, the emotions, the excitement, the image, you know,

1090
00:40:31.100 --> 00:40:33.367
the smell of bread on a Paris morning.

1091
00:40:33.367 --> 00:40:35.934
Yes.

1092
00:40:35.934 --> 00:40:38.334
All of those things are uniquely human and

1093
00:40:38.334 --> 00:40:40.901
uniquely special.

1094
00:40:40.901 --> 00:40:43.567
The technology has made us closer together.

1095
00:40:43.567 --> 00:40:46.067
It has also made us more stressed.

1096
00:40:46.067 --> 00:40:48.901
If you look at the history of technology over a couple of

1097
00:40:48.901 --> 00:40:51.601
hundred years, it's all about time compression and making the

1098
00:40:51.601 --> 00:40:54.601
globe smaller.

1099
00:40:54.601 --> 00:40:57.501
It has had positive effects, all the ones that we know.

1100
00:40:57.501 --> 00:41:00.400
We're much less likely to have the kind of terrible

1101
00:41:00.400 --> 00:41:03.267
misunderstandings that led to World War I, for example.

1102
00:41:03.267 --> 00:41:06.234
Think about it in the Cuban missile crisis.

1103
00:41:06.234 --> 00:41:09.167
There was literally a red phone that they actually installed

1104
00:41:09.167 --> 00:41:12.000
over miscommunication over a nuclear weapon.

1105
00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:14.834
And it was one that -- one -- submarine in the Cuban missile

1106
00:41:14.834 --> 00:41:17.767
crisis that they couldn't find and they were worried was about

1107
00:41:17.767 --> 00:41:20.501
to launch a nuclear weapon.

1108
00:41:20.501 --> 00:41:23.033
Think about the damage that that would have done to humanity.

1109
00:41:23.033 --> 00:41:25.667
Today, that is not going to happen because of -- among other

1110
00:41:25.667 --> 00:41:28.200
things -- cell phones.

1111
00:41:28.200 --> 00:41:30.901
So we benefit from this interconnectedness.

1112
00:41:30.901 --> 00:41:33.200
We have to learn as a society what it means to be

1113
00:41:33.200 --> 00:41:35.701
interconnected all the time.

1114
00:41:35.701 --> 00:41:38.300
It means, for example, that not everything is as important as

1115
00:41:38.300 --> 00:41:40.868
everything else.

1116
00:41:40.868 --> 00:41:43.434
Since I have access to every -- every crisis in the world,

1117
00:41:43.434 --> 00:41:46.000
because it's always blaring at me on cable television, that

1118
00:41:46.000 --> 00:41:48.434
doesn't mean I have to worry about every one of them.

1119
00:41:48.434 --> 00:41:51.467
This is also known as knowing where the "off" button is.

1120
00:41:51.467 --> 00:41:54.834
You know where the "off" button is?

1121
00:41:54.834 --> 00:41:57.634
You have to.

1122
00:41:57.634 --> 00:42:00.534
Do you have any advice for us in parenting?

1123
00:42:00.534 --> 00:42:03.467
Children are different from adults in a lot

1124
00:42:03.467 --> 00:42:06.434
of ways.

1125
00:42:06.434 --> 00:42:09.234
And the most important, the thing I worry about today about

1126
00:42:09.234 --> 00:42:11.801
children, and we all know how much quicker they -- more

1127
00:42:11.801 --> 00:42:14.767
quicker they grow up, is that as young minds…

1128
00:42:14.767 --> 00:42:17.934
And how quick they adjust to technology.

1129
00:42:17.934 --> 00:42:20.968
Adjust to technology.

1130
00:42:20.968 --> 00:42:24.601
I worry that the level of interrupt, right, the sort of

1131
00:42:24.601 --> 00:42:28.367
overwhelming, overwhelming rapidity of information, and

1132
00:42:28.367 --> 00:42:31.901
especially of stressful information, is in fact

1133
00:42:31.901 --> 00:42:34.901
affecting cognition, it is in fact affecting deeper thinking.

1134
00:42:34.901 --> 00:42:37.567
I still believe that sitting down and reading a book is the

1135
00:42:37.567 --> 00:42:43.100
best way to really learn something. (APPLAUSE)

1136
00:42:43.100 --> 00:42:45.634
And I worry that we're losing that.

1137
00:42:45.634 --> 00:42:48.400
And I think that with an educating -- with an educator

1138
00:42:48.400 --> 00:42:51.300
audience, it's important that we start with reading.

1139
00:42:51.300 --> 00:42:53.734
If you look at all of the I.Q.

1140
00:42:53.734 --> 00:42:56.200
testing and all of the tracking testing, it's early reading with

1141
00:42:56.200 --> 00:42:58.467
young parents, literally, you know, with small children that

1142
00:42:58.467 --> 00:43:01.234
really makes the difference.

1143
00:43:01.234 --> 00:43:03.834
OK, but I mean -- I would add to that also, the

1144
00:43:03.834 --> 00:43:06.267
ability to write, you know.

1145
00:43:06.267 --> 00:43:08.701
Has technology made us read less, but write more because of

1146
00:43:08.701 --> 00:43:11.667
the e-mails and all that kind of stuff?

1147
00:43:11.667 --> 00:43:14.634
Remember, there is quality versus quantity.

1148
00:43:14.634 --> 00:43:17.601
Yes.

1149
00:43:17.601 --> 00:43:20.467
The good news is that all the evidence is that

1150
00:43:20.467 --> 00:43:22.834
the symbolic reasoning that comes from playing computer

1151
00:43:22.834 --> 00:43:25.133
games, the kind of navigational queries, you know, the example I

1152
00:43:25.133 --> 00:43:27.367
used where go search for something .

1153
00:43:27.367 --> 00:43:29.534
Right.

1154
00:43:29.534 --> 00:43:31.634
Really does develop the .

1155
00:43:31.634 --> 00:43:33.734
Cognitive abilities.

1156
00:43:33.734 --> 00:43:35.801
Literally the ability to think in more

1157
00:43:35.801 --> 00:43:37.634
abstract terms, and that is going to be more important as

1158
00:43:37.634 --> 00:43:39.467
the world gets more complicated.

1159
00:43:39.467 --> 00:43:41.367
Think about the challenges that someone being

1160
00:43:41.367 --> 00:43:43.467
born today will face.

1161
00:43:43.467 --> 00:43:45.734
Literally their birth date is this calendar year.

1162
00:43:45.734 --> 00:43:47.701
Think about the kind of issues they will face in a world where

1163
00:43:47.701 --> 00:43:49.667
it is a thousand times faster, thousand times more

1164
00:43:49.667 --> 00:43:51.634
interconnected when they are 15, 20 years from now.

1165
00:43:51.634 --> 00:43:53.901
All right.

1166
00:43:53.901 --> 00:43:56.634
That makes me leap to this thing.

1167
00:43:56.634 --> 00:43:59.300
I'm fascinated by what the world will look like in 2025.

1168
00:43:59.300 --> 00:44:02.000
It's one quarter of this century that we are in now.

1169
00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:04.534
If you go to the CIA Web site, you can get a whole series, and

1170
00:44:04.534 --> 00:44:07.601
they will talk about it on television interviews with

1171
00:44:07.601 --> 00:44:10.601
people like me, in terms of looking forward.

1172
00:44:10.601 --> 00:44:13.367
And they say a lot of interesting things.

1173
00:44:13.367 --> 00:44:16.634
I mean, they say, for example, it is more likely in the next

1174
00:44:16.634 --> 00:44:20.100
25 years that, in the next 16 years we will have some kind of

1175
00:44:20.100 --> 00:44:23.534
nuclear exchange.

1176
00:44:23.534 --> 00:44:26.601
It is more likely that there will be a water shortage, a

1177
00:44:26.601 --> 00:44:29.200
water scarcity that will cause territorial battles.

1178
00:44:29.200 --> 00:44:31.801
It is more likely that there will be a food scarcity.

1179
00:44:31.801 --> 00:44:34.000
And these are all the things that we are not even talking

1180
00:44:34.000 --> 00:44:35.968
about in the budget.

1181
00:44:35.968 --> 00:44:37.968
That's because the budget was organized around

1182
00:44:37.968 --> 00:44:39.701
the next two years .

1183
00:44:39.701 --> 00:44:41.501
Yes, exactly.

1184
00:44:41.501 --> 00:44:43.100
Not the next -- the next 20 years.

1185
00:44:43.100 --> 00:44:44.868
Right.

1186
00:44:44.868 --> 00:44:46.501
If you look at the threats to humanity, the two

1187
00:44:46.501 --> 00:44:48.734
significant threats…

1188
00:44:48.734 --> 00:44:51.367
I didn't even mention nuclear proliferation.

1189
00:44:51.367 --> 00:44:53.667
What are the things that could kill a million

1190
00:44:53.667 --> 00:44:55.901
people, 10 million people, 100 million people.

1191
00:44:55.901 --> 00:44:58.200
Well, the nuclear issues, some form of nuclear conflict, a

1192
00:44:58.200 --> 00:45:00.300
nuclear accident is one.

1193
00:45:00.300 --> 00:45:02.968
And the other one is climate change.

1194
00:45:02.968 --> 00:45:06.000
And climate change, of course, is many things, including

1195
00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:09.200
rising sea levels.

1196
00:45:09.200 --> 00:45:12.267
The shift in where rainfalls and the associated watersheds,

1197
00:45:12.267 --> 00:45:14.801
the loss of the Himalayan glacier and so forth all affect

1198
00:45:14.801 --> 00:45:16.968
a number of people that is staggering.

1199
00:45:16.968 --> 00:45:19.467
As a person involved in information, what

1200
00:45:19.467 --> 00:45:21.868
can we do to help?

1201
00:45:21.868 --> 00:45:23.901
We can get this message out.

1202
00:45:23.901 --> 00:45:26.234
We can get the human society to understand how serious threat

1203
00:45:26.234 --> 00:45:28.367
-- when you fly over those glaciers, remember, someone

1204
00:45:28.367 --> 00:45:30.801
drinks that water.

1205
00:45:30.801 --> 00:45:32.901
And if they don't get it, they will riot or they will die or

1206
00:45:32.901 --> 00:45:35.200
there will be a war.

1207
00:45:35.200 --> 00:45:37.567
And similarly, for the predecessors who worked so hard

1208
00:45:37.567 --> 00:45:39.567
for nuclear proliferation.

1209
00:45:39.567 --> 00:45:41.701
And I would think twice when I hear somebody, you know, in this

1210
00:45:41.701 --> 00:45:44.067
testosterone rage saying, you know, I'm going to do this and

1211
00:45:44.067 --> 00:45:46.567
I'm going to do that.

1212
00:45:46.567 --> 00:45:49.400
Let's have some nuance here.

1213
00:45:49.400 --> 00:45:52.367
It's possible to really destroy the great things that we have

1214
00:45:52.367 --> 00:45:55.000
built here on earth relatively quickly in these two areas.

1215
00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:57.968
The good news is that's -- those are the bad, the bad news.

1216
00:45:57.968 --> 00:46:01.133
The good news is there are so many other areas where things

1217
00:46:01.133 --> 00:46:04.434
will be so much better.

1218
00:46:04.434 --> 00:46:07.567
In medicine, the deployments that they've made of artificial

1219
00:46:07.567 --> 00:46:10.601
limbs and eventually naturally grown through stem cells and

1220
00:46:10.601 --> 00:46:13.334
others, replacement parts will allow a much better life or at

1221
00:46:13.334 --> 00:46:16.167
least certainly a longer life compared to what we have today.

1222
00:46:16.167 --> 00:46:18.701
In terms of knowledge, I said before, you will have every

1223
00:46:18.701 --> 00:46:21.467
piece of information in front of you.

1224
00:46:21.467 --> 00:46:24.334
And by the way, it will be in every language, because in that

1225
00:46:24.334 --> 00:46:27.067
time period, we will have automatic translation.

1226
00:46:27.067 --> 00:46:29.367
It will be possible for you to text to your friend and not be

1227
00:46:29.367 --> 00:46:31.634
able to speak to them in person, because we'll be able to

1228
00:46:31.634 --> 00:46:33.567
automatically translate the text from your

1229
00:46:33.567 --> 00:46:35.534
language to their language.

1230
00:46:35.534 --> 00:46:37.267
We'll be able to take all of your shows and automatically

1231
00:46:37.267 --> 00:46:39.300
translate them.

1232
00:46:39.300 --> 00:46:41.901
Plus, they'll all be searchable, so we can do it in historical

1233
00:46:41.901 --> 00:46:44.701
time as well.

1234
00:46:44.701 --> 00:46:47.067
Google recently brought out -- brought a history search and

1235
00:46:47.067 --> 00:46:49.400
also, on Google Earth, a view of history, so you can go back

1236
00:46:49.400 --> 00:46:51.434
to your favorite places and watch the pictures

1237
00:46:51.434 --> 00:46:53.434
of how they evolved.

1238
00:46:53.434 --> 00:46:55.434
It's amazing what we can do with all

1239
00:46:55.434 --> 00:46:57.968
of this new information.

1240
00:46:57.968 --> 00:47:01.334
So, here is the question.

1241
00:47:01.334 --> 00:47:04.367
Many people write books now in which they talk about, you know,

1242
00:47:04.367 --> 00:47:07.667
with the economic crisis, the changing world order, a flat

1243
00:47:07.667 --> 00:47:10.400
world, that America will not have the same place it did in

1244
00:47:10.400 --> 00:47:13.200
the 20th century.

1245
00:47:13.200 --> 00:47:15.567
A, you got a degree in Princeton, went out to Berkeley

1246
00:47:15.567 --> 00:47:18.567
and got a Ph.D.

1247
00:47:18.567 --> 00:47:21.467
in computer sciences, I think -- or it's

1248
00:47:21.467 --> 00:47:24.601
mathematics or something.

1249
00:47:24.601 --> 00:47:27.567
You know, that we are not necessarily going to lead the

1250
00:47:27.567 --> 00:47:30.667
revolution that will deliver these things.

1251
00:47:30.667 --> 00:47:33.234
Is that of concern to you or do you accept the premise?

1252
00:47:33.234 --> 00:47:35.667
If you are a person who believes that America

1253
00:47:35.667 --> 00:47:38.200
is the only country, and America is always right, I have

1254
00:47:38.200 --> 00:47:40.767
news for you.

1255
00:47:40.767 --> 00:47:42.968
It's not going to be true in the future.

1256
00:47:42.968 --> 00:47:44.834
Because the Chinese and the Indians and some of the

1257
00:47:44.834 --> 00:47:46.767
Europeans will have their own stake on what's right and what

1258
00:47:46.767 --> 00:47:48.767
they think the future is.

1259
00:47:48.767 --> 00:47:50.567
We're moving…

1260
00:47:50.567 --> 00:47:52.634
So we're looking to a shared world.

1261
00:47:52.634 --> 00:47:54.434
We're moving into a world where you can actually

1262
00:47:54.434 --> 00:47:57.067
-- actually talk to them.

1263
00:47:57.067 --> 00:48:02.667
And in the case of… (APPLAUSE)

1264
00:48:02.667 --> 00:48:05.234
In a case of a sole superpower model, it's easy

1265
00:48:05.234 --> 00:48:08.267
to say American values, we're right, you are wrong, and take

1266
00:48:08.267 --> 00:48:11.701
over other peoples' - - over peoples' culture.

1267
00:48:11.701 --> 00:48:14.901
That's not going to be possible.

1268
00:48:14.901 --> 00:48:17.734
Where America will be strongest and where I think we should be,

1269
00:48:17.734 --> 00:48:20.167
we will be, and it matters the most will be in innovation.

1270
00:48:20.167 --> 00:48:22.467
How do you know that?

1271
00:48:22.467 --> 00:48:24.834
I know it because I talk to the people who are

1272
00:48:24.834 --> 00:48:27.300
running our universities.

1273
00:48:27.300 --> 00:48:29.634
I talk to the students.

1274
00:48:29.634 --> 00:48:31.467
We hire the best students.

1275
00:48:31.467 --> 00:48:33.267
They are going to go off and do these amazing things that you

1276
00:48:33.267 --> 00:48:35.100
and I are talking about.

1277
00:48:35.100 --> 00:48:36.901
Why do you assume that the best

1278
00:48:36.901 --> 00:48:38.734
students are going

1279
00:48:38.734 --> 00:48:40.834
to be American?

1280
00:48:40.834 --> 00:48:43.000
Why aren't they -- or why do you assume that the Chinese or the

1281
00:48:43.000 --> 00:48:45.200
Indians or Russians or wherever they come from are necessarily

1282
00:48:45.200 --> 00:48:47.334
-- want to come here?

1283
00:48:47.334 --> 00:48:49.467
Because they choose to come here right now.

1284
00:48:49.467 --> 00:48:51.601
But as -- we just accept it.

1285
00:48:51.601 --> 00:48:53.501
They are voting with their feet.

1286
00:48:53.501 --> 00:48:55.133
But -- no, no, no, wait, because of immigration

1287
00:48:55.133 --> 00:48:56.868
policies and other things, they are all not A, being allowed to

1288
00:48:56.868 --> 00:48:58.434
stay here.

1289
00:48:58.434 --> 00:49:00.100
Well, that's…

1290
00:49:00.100 --> 00:49:03.400
That's the other issue.

1291
00:49:03.400 --> 00:49:04.834
Take the best people, hire them in American

1292
00:49:04.834 --> 00:49:06.167
universities, and kick them out of our country.

1293
00:49:06.167 --> 00:49:07.634
It happens.

1294
00:49:07.634 --> 00:49:09.000
It's shocking.

1295
00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:10.501
It happens.

1296
00:49:10.501 --> 00:49:11.901
I know.

1297
00:49:11.901 --> 00:49:13.434
We're fighting against that.

1298
00:49:13.434 --> 00:49:15.100
But it is an issue in the Congress now.

1299
00:49:15.100 --> 00:49:17.067
But it is a priority.

1300
00:49:17.067 --> 00:49:19.000
But my point is that we can't assume necessarily -- or can we

1301
00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:20.968
-- that we have some lock on the smartest people.

1302
00:49:20.968 --> 00:49:22.901
It turns out it's harder to think

1303
00:49:22.901 --> 00:49:24.868
to replicate the

1304
00:49:24.868 --> 00:49:27.033
American educational system.

1305
00:49:27.033 --> 00:49:29.167
Ah, that's where I'm going.

1306
00:49:29.167 --> 00:49:31.234
The innovation -- the model that we have about

1307
00:49:31.234 --> 00:49:33.067
faculty, graduate students, innovation, all the things that

1308
00:49:33.067 --> 00:49:35.367
we talked about, is many countries are trying.

1309
00:49:35.367 --> 00:49:37.801
It takes 50 years to replicate that and maybe

1310
00:49:37.801 --> 00:49:40.267
a different culture.

1311
00:49:40.267 --> 00:49:42.367
So we remain, we, America, remain, by far, the place of

1312
00:49:42.367 --> 00:49:44.200
choice for education and in particular higher education.

1313
00:49:44.200 --> 00:49:46.367
So you are optimistic about.

1314
00:49:46.367 --> 00:49:51.167
Absolutely. (APPLAUSE)

1315
00:49:51.167 --> 00:49:53.400
And we should give some credit, not just to

1316
00:49:53.400 --> 00:49:55.601
the educators and the students, but also the government who has

1317
00:49:55.601 --> 00:49:57.801
an historic role.

1318
00:49:57.801 --> 00:50:00.033
Maybe a third of the funding for American

1319
00:50:00.033 --> 00:50:02.234
universities comes from

1320
00:50:02.234 --> 00:50:05.367
one form or another of federal and state grants.

1321
00:50:05.367 --> 00:50:08.767
We also have a history of state colleges, state universities and

1322
00:50:08.767 --> 00:50:12.067
so forth and so on, which is very, very powerful.

1323
00:50:12.067 --> 00:50:15.267
As I said earlier in introducing you, that there

1324
00:50:15.267 --> 00:50:17.901
is -- you are on the economic advisory, whatever it is down

1325
00:50:17.901 --> 00:50:20.133
there, council, a bunch of businessmen and other people,

1326
00:50:20.133 --> 00:50:22.133
women, in finance, who are advertising

1327
00:50:22.133 --> 00:50:24.000
the president, right?

1328
00:50:24.000 --> 00:50:26.267
What is it you do?

1329
00:50:26.267 --> 00:50:28.367
What's your advice?

1330
00:50:28.367 --> 00:50:30.434
This president is -- and I am a public supporter

1331
00:50:30.434 --> 00:50:32.501
of President Obama, as you know -- is very,

1332
00:50:32.501 --> 00:50:34.534
very good at listening.

1333
00:50:34.534 --> 00:50:37.234
He organizes groups.

1334
00:50:37.234 --> 00:50:40.601
He sort of gets everybody to talk.

1335
00:50:40.601 --> 00:50:44.234
He synthesizes very, very quickly.

1336
00:50:44.234 --> 00:50:48.000
So I and others have campaigned hard for quick action to deal

1337
00:50:48.000 --> 00:50:51.200
with the economic crisis, with a bias in favor of renewable

1338
00:50:51.200 --> 00:50:53.934
energy, technology innovation, investing in the infrastructure

1339
00:50:53.934 --> 00:50:56.200
of America, which has largely been unfocused.

1340
00:50:56.200 --> 00:50:58.434
And of course, in education.

1341
00:50:58.434 --> 00:51:00.601
I'm pleased to say.

1342
00:51:00.601 --> 00:51:02.701
Health care, too.

1343
00:51:02.701 --> 00:51:04.934
Health care, of course.

1344
00:51:04.934 --> 00:51:06.934
I'm pleased to say that the stimulus package had about

1345
00:51:06.934 --> 00:51:09.234
two-thirds in the stimulus package went for those kinds of

1346
00:51:09.234 --> 00:51:11.434
areas, along with states and local governments which are in

1347
00:51:11.434 --> 00:51:13.667
terrible situations.

1348
00:51:13.667 --> 00:51:16.167
And one-third to tax cuts, which is about the right balance.

1349
00:51:16.167 --> 00:51:18.567
So we're now running that experiment.

1350
00:51:18.567 --> 00:51:21.100
But that is in place, and we need confidence quickly.

1351
00:51:21.100 --> 00:51:23.434
I would tell you that the business situation in America

1352
00:51:23.434 --> 00:51:25.701
right now is really quite dire.

1353
00:51:25.701 --> 00:51:27.901
You see increasing bad news, even today, bad news.

1354
00:51:27.901 --> 00:51:30.067
There is no end in sight.

1355
00:51:30.067 --> 00:51:32.167
Unemployment is up.

1356
00:51:32.167 --> 00:51:34.467
Unemployment is up.

1357
00:51:34.467 --> 00:51:37.234
We are not at the bottom here, and the quicker we can get

1358
00:51:37.234 --> 00:51:39.667
through this, the quicker we can get to the other side.

1359
00:51:39.667 --> 00:51:42.334
I do believe that the recovery, when it occurs, will be led by

1360
00:51:42.334 --> 00:51:45.467
the kind of businesses that we're highlighting now, the ones

1361
00:51:45.467 --> 00:51:48.300
that solve a new problem.

1362
00:51:48.300 --> 00:51:51.100
I, for example, believe that green energy, sort of rebuilding

1363
00:51:51.100 --> 00:51:54.501
the energy infrastructure of America is a great project, a

1364
00:51:54.501 --> 00:51:57.300
great project for this president, who can then use that

1365
00:51:57.300 --> 00:52:00.000
to reduce our dependence upon foreign oil, increase American

1366
00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:02.501
jobs, right, and build a whole set of

1367
00:52:02.501 --> 00:52:04.901
export- oriented industries.

1368
00:52:04.901 --> 00:52:06.968
And oh, by the way, help materially solve the climate

1369
00:52:06.968 --> 00:52:08.968
change issue, which is very serious.

1370
00:52:08.968 --> 00:52:11.234
So we will come through this.

1371
00:52:11.234 --> 00:52:13.334
Oh, absolutely.

1372
00:52:13.334 --> 00:52:15.968
One of the things is that if you have a choice between being in

1373
00:52:15.968 --> 00:52:18.200
America and being in the other countries in a global slowdown,

1374
00:52:18.200 --> 00:52:20.367
you would much rather be here.

1375
00:52:20.367 --> 00:52:23.234
Although it's more painful, you will get

1376
00:52:23.234 --> 00:52:25.901
out faster. (APPLAUSE)

1377
00:52:25.901 --> 00:52:28.234
I have a question.

1378
00:52:28.234 --> 00:52:30.701
It is this notion of, I was just thinking about this, technology

1379
00:52:30.701 --> 00:52:33.100
-- are people in technology different?

1380
00:52:33.100 --> 00:52:36.667
Yes.

1381
00:52:36.667 --> 00:52:40.601
They are.

1382
00:52:40.601 --> 00:52:44.901
What is it?

1383
00:52:44.901 --> 00:52:48.767
Technologists as a group tend to be more

1384
00:52:48.767 --> 00:52:52.267
analytical, more data-driven, more personally liberal, more

1385
00:52:52.267 --> 00:52:55.234
willing to tolerate the differences among people, more

1386
00:52:55.234 --> 00:52:58.100
global in their focus.

1387
00:52:58.100 --> 00:53:00.567
And I think those are -- and that's across

1388
00:53:00.567 --> 00:53:02.934
all political parties.

1389
00:53:02.934 --> 00:53:05.701
People in technology believe that you can

1390
00:53:05.701 --> 00:53:08.000
create whole new businesses.

1391
00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:10.234
In my dealings with other businesses, they often seem to

1392
00:53:10.234 --> 00:53:12.400
be locked in a paradigm that was given to

1393
00:53:12.400 --> 00:53:14.534
them by their grandfather.

1394
00:53:14.534 --> 00:53:16.734
You know, this is the economic structure.

1395
00:53:16.734 --> 00:53:18.767
This is the industrial structure.

1396
00:53:18.767 --> 00:53:21.567
This is how it has always been done.

1397
00:53:21.567 --> 00:53:23.934
Technology as a group believe that you can literally change

1398
00:53:23.934 --> 00:53:27.100
the world from technology.

1399
00:53:27.100 --> 00:53:29.934
It's a pleasure to you have here in New York.

1400
00:53:29.934 --> 00:53:34.667
Thank you very much.

1401
00:53:34.667 --> 00:53:39.534
Thank you very

1402
00:53:39.534 --> 00:53:43.634
much, Charlie. (APPLAUSE)

1403
00:53:43.634 --> 00:53:48.100
Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google.

1404
00:53:48.100 --> 00:53:52.601
Thank you.

1405
00:53:52.601 --> 00:53:56.200
Thank you. (APPLAUSE)

1406
00:53:56.200 --> 00:53:59.400
For those of you at home, thank you for joining

1407
00:53:59.400 --> 00:54:02.601
us this evening, this hour conversation with Eric Schmidt.

1408
00:54:02.601 --> 
Thank you very much, and good night.